Catégorie : Etudes Renaissance
- Mohenjo-Daro, Harappa: Le défi que nous lance la modernité de la Civilisation de l’Indus (FR en ligne);
- Mohenjo-Daro, Harappa : The challenging modernity of the Indus Valley Civilization (EN online);
- La Route de la soie maritime, une histoire de 1001 coopérations (FR en ligne);
- The Maritime Silk Road, a History of 1001 cooperations (EN online);
- Afghanistan: le pays des 1000 cités d’or et Aï Khanoum (FR en ligne)
- Afghanistan: the Land of a 1000 Golden Cities and Aï-Khanoum (EN online);
- Le « miracle » du Gandhara, lorsque Bouddha s’est fait homme (FR en ligne);
- The « miracle » of Gandhara, when Buddha turned himself into man (EN online);
- Derrière les chevaux célestes chinois, la science terrestre (FR en ligne);
- The Earthly Science behind China’s Heavenly Horsepower (EN online)
- Et l’Homme créa l’acier… (FR en ligne);
- Portraits du Fayoum: un regard de l’au-delà (FR en ligne) + EN pdf (Fidelio);
- La pratique ancestrale d’annulation des dettes (FR en ligne).
- The Ancient Practice of Debt Cancelation (EN online)
- Bagdad, Damas, Cordoue, creuset d’une civilisation universelle (FR online).
- Mutazilisme et astronomie arabe, deux étoiles brillantes au firmament de la civilisation (FR en ligne). (EN online version).
- Qanâts perses et Civilisation des eaux cachées (FR en ligne). (EN online version).
- Renaissance africaine: la splendeurs des royaumes d’Ifè et du Bénin (FR en ligne) + (EN online)
- Sur la peinture chinoise et son influence en Occident (FR en ligne) + EN pdf (Fidelio).
- L’invention de la perspective FR pdf (Fusion) + EN pdf (Fidelio)
- La révolution du grec ancien, Platon et la Renaissance (FR en ligne)
- The Greek language project, Plato and the Renaissance (EN online).
- Les Frères de la vie commune et la Renaissance du nord (FR en ligne)
- Moderne Devotie en Broeders van het Gemene Leven, bakermat van het humanisme (NL online)
- Devotio Moderna, Brothers of the Common Life, the cradle of humanism in the North (EN online)
- 1405: l’amiral Zheng et les expéditions maritimes chinoises (FR en ligne)
- Zhang He and the Chinese Maritime Expeditions (EN online)
- Jan van Eyck, la beauté comme prégustation de la sagesse divine (FR en ligne) + EN on line.
- Jan Van Eyck, un peintre flamand dans l’optique arabe (FR en ligne)
- Jan Van Eyck, a Flemish Painter using Arab Optics (EN online)
- Rogier Van der Weyden, maître de la compassion (FR pdf)
- Comment Jacques Cœur a mis fin à la Guerre de Cent Ans (FR en ligne)
- How Jacques Coeur put an end to the Hundred Years War (EN online);
- Hugo van der Goes et la Dévotion moderne (FR en ligne)
- A la découverte d’un tableau (FR en ligne)
- Avicenne, Ghiberti, leur rôle dans l’invention de la perspective à la Renaissance (FR en ligne) et EN online.
- ENTRETIEN Omar Merzoug: Avicenne ou l’islam des lumières (FR en ligne). (EN pdf file).
- Les secrets du dôme de Florence (FR en ligne) + EN pdf (Schiller Institute archive website) + DE pdf (Neue Solidarität).
- Le Dome de Brunelleschi, un défi, un scandale, un exploit (Hors Série Beaux Arts Magazine, 2013)
- L’œuf sans ombre de Piero della Francesca (FR en ligne)
- The Egg Without a Shadow of Piero della Francesca (EN online pdf)
- Uccello, Donatello, Verrocchio et l’art du commandement militaire (FR en ligne) et EN online.
- La Cène de Léonard, une leçon de métaphysique (FR en ligne) + EN pdf (Fidelio).
- Léonard de Vinci : peintre de mouvement (FR en ligne) + EN pdf (Fidelio).
- La Vierge aux rochers, l’erreur fantastique de Léonard (FR en ligne).
- Romorantin et Léonard ou l’invention de la ville moderne (FR en ligne) + EN pdf (Executive Intelligence Review) + DE pdf (Neue Solidarität) + IT pdf (Movisol website).
- L’Homme de Vitruve de Léonard de Vinci (FR en ligne) + EN online.
- Léonard en résonance avec la peinture traditionnelle chinoise — entretien avec Le Quotidien du Peuple. (en ligne: texte chinois suivi des traductions FR + EN).
- Raphaël, entre mythe et réalité (FR pdf + EN pdf)
- Raphaël 1520-2020 : ce que nous apprend « L’Ecole d’Athènes » (FR en ligne).
- Raphael 1520-2020: What Humanity can learn from The School of Athens (EN online);
- Jacob Fugger « The Rich », father of financial fascism (EN online);
- Jacob Fugger « Le Riche », père du fascisme financier (FR en ligne);
- Comment la folie d’Erasme sauva notre civilisation (FR en ligne) + NL pdf (Agora Erasmus) + EN pdf (Schiller Institute Archive Website) + DE pdf (Neue Solidarität).
- Hoe Erasmus zotheid onze beschaving redde (NL pdf online);
- Le rêve d’Erasme: le Collège des Trois Langues de Louvain (FR en ligne)
- Erasmus‘ dream: the Leuven Three Language College (EN online)
- ENTRETIEN: Jan Papy: Erasme, le grec et la Renaissance des sciences (FR en ligne)
- Dirk Martens, l’imprimeur d’Erasme qui diffusa le livre de poche (FR en ligne).
- 1512-2012 : Mercator et Frisius, des cosmographes aux cosmonautes + NL pdf (Agora Erasmus) + EN pdf (Schiller Institute Archive Website).
- La nef des fous de Sébastian Brant (FR en ligne), un livre d’une grande actualité !
- Avec Jérôme Bosch sur la trace du Sublime (FR en ligne);
- With Hieronymus Bosch, On the Track of the Sublime (EN, pdf online);
- Quinten Matsys en Da Vinci: dageraad van louterend gelach en creativiteit (NL online);
- Quinten Matsys et Léonard — L’aube d’une ère de rire et de créativité (FR en ligne);
- Quinten Matsys and Leonardo — The Dawn of the Age of Laugher and Creativity, (EN online);
- Квентин Массейс и Леонардо: на заре смехотворчества (RU pdf)
- Joachim Patinir et l’invention du paysage en peinture (FR en ligne).
- Joachim Patinir and the invention of landscape painting (EN online)
- Le Landjuweel d’Anvers de 1561 — Faire de l’art une arme pour la paix (FR en ligne)
- The 1561 Landjuweel of Antwerp that made art a weapon for Peace (EN online)
- Exposition de Lille : ce que nous apprennent les fabuleux paysages flamands (FR en ligne).
- Portement de croix: redécouvrir Bruegel grâce au livre de Michael Gibson (FR en ligne) + EN pdf (Fidelio).
- ENTRETIEN Michael Gibson: Pour Bruegel, le monde est vaste (FR en ligne) + EN pdf (Fidelio)
- Pierre Bruegel l’ancien, Pétrarque et le Triomphe de la Mort (FR en ligne) + EN online.
- A propos du film « Bruegel, le moulin et la croix » (FR en ligne).
- AUDIO: Bruegel‘s « Dulle Griet » (Mad Meg): we see her madness, but do we see ours? (EN)
- AUDIO: Bruegel‘s Theodicy: The Fall of the Rebel Angels. (EN)
- L’ange Bruegel et la chute du cardinal Granvelle (FR en ligne).
- Pieter Bruegel l’ancien, commentateur politique et pacifiste (FR en ligne).
- Albrecht Dürer contre la mélancolie néo-platonicienne + EN pdf.
- How neo-Platonism gave Plato a bad name (EN pdf).
- La leçon d’économie de Shakespeare (FR en ligne);
- Shakespeare‘s lesson in Economics (EN online) ;
- Le combat inspirant d’Henri IV et de Sully + EN pdf (Schiller Institute Archives Website).
- La paix de Westphalie, une réorganisation financière mondiale (FR en ligne + EN online)
- Rembrandt, un bâtisseur de nations FR pdf (Nouvelle Solidarité).
- Rembrandt et la lumière d’Agapè (FR en ligne) : Rembrandt et Comenius pendant la guerre de trente ans.
- Rembrandt and the Light of Agapè (EN online)
- Rembrandt : 400 ans et toujours jeune ! (FR en ligne).
- Rembrandt: 400 years old and still young ! (EN online).
- Rembrandt et la figure du Christ (FR en ligne) + EN pdf + DE pdf.
- Le portrait d’Anslo de Rembrandt, la science de « peindre l’invisible » (FR en ligne);
- Rembrandt’s Anslo, the science of « painting the invisible » EN online;
- Vermeer, Metsu, Ter Borch, Hals, l’éloge du quotidien. FR pdf (Nouvelle Solidarité)
- Entre l’Europe et la Chine: le rôle du jésuite flamand Ferdinand Verbiest. (FR en ligne).
- Avec Leibniz et Kondiaronk, re-créer un monde sans oligarchie (FR en ligne)
- With Leibniz and Kondiaronk, re-inventing a world without oligarchy (EN online);
- Francisco Goya et la révolution américaine (FR en ligne) + EN pdf (Fidelio) + ES pdf.
- Karel Vereycken et Karl Lestar : El Degüello de Goya (livre ES)
- Beethoven et le Meeresstille: initiation à une culture de la découverte (FR en ligne) + EN pdf (Schiller Institute Archive Website) + DE pdf (Neue Solidarität).
- Enseignement mutuel: curiosité historique ou piste d’avenir? (FR en ligne);
- Mutual Tuition: an historical curiosity or a promise of a better future? (EN online)
- Le combat républicain de David d’Angers, la statue de Gutenberg à Strasbourg (FR en ligne)
- The Republican struggle of David d’Angers and the Gutenberg statue in Strasbourg (EN online)
- Hippolyte Carnot, père de l’éducation républicaine moderne (FR en ligne)
- Hippolyte Carnot, father of modern republican education (EN online)
- Enquête sur les origines de l’art contemporain (FR en ligne) + EN pdf.
- On the Origins of Modern Art, the Question of Symbolism (EN online)
- Victor Hugo et le colosse (FR en ligne);
- Victor Hugo and the awakening of the colossus (EN online);
- Avec le peintre James Ensor, arrachons le masque à l’oligarchie (FR en ligne);
- How James Ensor ripped off the mask of the Oligarchy (EN online)
- Les racines symbolistes des killer games (FR en ligne).
- Neo-Platonism and Huxley’s Doors of Perception (EN online);
- L’art moderne de la CIA pour combattre le communisme (FR en ligne).
- The Congress for Cultural Freedom (CCF) – How the CIA « weaponized » Moder Art (EN online).
- M. Hockney, le génie artistique n’est pas une illusion optique ! FR pdf (Fusion) + DE pdf + EN pdf (21st Science & Technology).
- Gérard Garouste et La Source (FR en ligne).
- Rembrandt’s oil painting is back… in China ! (EN online).
- Ce que nous apprend l’expérience Trou-dans-le-Mur de Sugata Mitra (FR en ligne)
- The hidden lesson behing Sugata Mitra‘s Hole-in-the-Wall experience (EN online)
- La défense du patrimoine culturel de l’Humanité, clé de la paix mondiale (FR en ligne)
- Empathy, Sympathy, Compassion — World Heritage Key to World Peace (EN online)
1512-2012: From Cosmography to the Cosmonauts, Mercator and Frisius

Pieter Bruegel the Elder, political commentator and pacifist

Five centuries after his birth, the publication of new research seems (finally) to do justice to the great Flemish painter « Pieter Bruegel the Jolly » , known as the Elder (1525-1569).
Until now, it was all too common to hear him described as « an unclassifiable figure. » In 2024, art historian Mónica Ann Walker Vadillo did not hesitate to write in the History section of the newspaper Le Monde that, since Bruegel painted peasant feasts and weddings, art critics « came to regard him as an unrefined man and disdainfully nicknamed him ‘Bruegel the Peasant,' » while expressing surprise that so many « academics, humanists, and wealthy businessmen—who appreciated his work and collected his paintings » associated with him.
Fall of the Rebel Angels

In 2014, Tine Luk Meganck ‘s book, « Pieter Bruegel the Elder. Fall of the Rebel Angels. Art, knowledge and Politics on the Eve of the Dutch Revolt », especially with the last sentence of her title, had nevertheless reopened the debate on the political dimension of his work.
Meganck ventured a highly improbable hypothesis regarding the painting The Fall of the Rebel Angels (1562, Brussels Museum): the jealous angels, whom God punishes for conspiring against him, are supposed to represent the alliance of nobles, the middle classes, and the common people, led by William the Silent against the rule of the Spanish Empire. Consequently, the commissioner of the work, according to the expert, was most likely the famous Cardinal Antoine Perrenot de Granvelle, one of the advisors to the regent Margaret of Parma and a fervent supporter of the persecution of heretics.
We have documented in an article why this interpretation seems unacceptable to us, as Cardinal Granvelle, a member of the « secret government, » was universally hated by the humanists of the time for his blind zeal in endorsing all the crimes of his masters.
Furthermore, no tangible proof exists that he commissioned any work from Bruegel. Certainly, he owned some, but apart from a « Flight into Egypt » (1563), a work devoid of any controversy, and a « View of the Bay of Naples, » a beautiful study inspired by drawings made during Bruegel’s trip to Italy, Granvelle was far from being « one of the greatest collectors » of Bruegel’s works, as is often repeated.
Landjuweel

That being said, the important contribution of Meganck’s book, let’s acknowledge it, was the recognition of the decisive influence of the Chambers of Rhetoric and the Antwerp Landjuweel of 1561, for understanding Bruegel’s visual language.
My friend, the late American art critic Michael Frances Gibson, had mentioned this possibility to me during an interview this author conducted with him.
He discusses this in his book The Carrying of the Cross (Editions Noêsis, Paris 1996), which was used in 2011 for the quite innovative film « Bruegel, the Mill and the Cross ».
In August 1561, Antwerp, where Bruegel resided, hosted an exceptional celebration, the Landjuweel, or national competition of the Chambers of Rhetoric.
In practice, the Antwerp Chamber « De Violieren« , in charge of organizing a festival that cost the city one hundred thousand crowns, operated as the literary division of the Guild of Saint Luke, the corporation that brought together painters, engravers, illustrators, architects, sculptors, cartographers, goldsmiths and printers.
It was there that people read in Flemish as well as in Latin or French, Plato, Homer, Petrarch, Erasmus and Rabelais, both during private gatherings and often, in public.
The first Bible in French? Printed in Antwerp in 1535 by the French humanist Jacques Lefèvre d’Etaples (1450-1536), who published the first translations of the complete works of Nicholas of Cusa in Paris in 1514, three years before the publication, in the French capital, of the first edition of Erasmus‘s In Praise of Folly.
The Landjuweel of Antwerp stands historically as one of the most remarkable cultural renaissance events in European history. 2000 rhetoricians on horseback, from 10 cities, passed under 40 triumphal arches to the strident sounds of fifes, entering a city in full celebration. For a whole month, orators and poets, songwriters and actors competed without pausing for breath. Citizen’s were invited on every streetcorner to participate in polyphonic madrigals and chorusses. 5000 artists entertained close to a 100,000 viewers !

Bruegel had to follow them all the more since his dear friend Hans Frankaert (1520-1584), his friend and master Peeter Baltens (1527-1584), very well connected with the great local financiers who preferred commerce to war, as well as his first patron, the engraver Hieronymus Cock (1518-1570), were all involved in the organization of this event whose theme was peace and, two centuries before Kant and Schiller, this burning philosophical question: « What leads man most towards the arts? » This, then, was the bubbling cauldron of urban culture in which Bruegel was immersed from his beginnings.
Moreover, as Belgian historian Leen Huet details in her sumptuous biography of the artist (first published in Dutch in 2016 by Polis, then in French by CFC in Brussels in 2021), when he crossed the Alps, Bruegel was probably accompanied by the painter Maarten de Vos (1532-1603) and the cartographer Abraham Ortelius (1527-1598), a close friend of Christophe Plantin, the head of the largest printing house in Antwerp, the team having thousands of addresses of collectors in connection with the printing house Les Quatre Vents of Jérôme Cock, in Antwerp.
The « Bruegel Code »

The image of Bruegel as a political commentator, deliberately obfuscating his message to thwart the regime’s Gestapo agents who were lying in wait for him, and embracing the Erasmian philosophy of the Landjuweel to defend peace and mutual understanding, is further developed by the classical historian Leo Spaepen, whose recent book, Pieter Bruegel de oude, politiek commentator en pacifist. De Bruegel Code (published in Dutch by MER Books, 2025), has stirred enthusiasm.
A good pedagogue, Spaepen establishes a kind of code for deciphering, or at least fruitfully approaching, Bruegel’s visual language. Escaping the Aristotelian confines, the aim is to immediately discard formal and symbolic representations in favor of what I would call a metaphorical approach.
Narrative A and B
Each painting contains a « narrative A » and a « narrative B. » The former typically reflects a concern shared by the humanist and Erasmian community regarding the socio-political events of the time, where corruption and violent Spanish repression brought the Hispano-Burgundian Netherlands to the brink of revolt. The « narrative B » often depicts a scene from the Bible or scripture.
As with any metaphor, the paradox arising from the analogy between narrative A and B brings forth, not on the canvas but in the viewer’s mind, a range of clues allowing them to grasp where the painter intends to lead them.
Spaepen, whose courage, rigor, and audacity deserve high praise, has sufficiently delved into the political and cultural history of Bruegel’s era to formulate compelling hypotheses that illuminate his major works. By testing this cognitive approach, painting by painting, the author generates not a scholarly compendium of facts or evidence, but an extremely interesting « gestalt » of the painter, whose true genius has often been denied recognition. It is therefore impossible, in a simple article like this, to reproduce the full richness of this approach.
« Mad Meg »

Let us nevertheless look at an emblematic work by Bruegel, known by its nickname, Dulle Griet (« Margot the Enraged » or « Mad Meg » ), a work painted in 1563, not to please a patron, but to provoke discussions with his relatives during meals at his home, as was the custom at the time.
The painting is striking in its contradictions. In the foreground, against a backdrop of burning cityscapes, a woman, mad with rage, sword in hand, carries a basket filled with jewels and precious metalwork. Behind her, a cohort of unarmed women bravely strives to subdue and repel an army of monsters and devils.
Finally, at the intersection of the painting’s diagonals, a strange creature appears, reminiscent of Hieronymus Bosch ‘s Garden of Earthly Delights. A man carrying a large bubble on his back shakes his backside, from which silver coins fall, which some women hastily gather up.
As for narrative B, we find roughly the image that Bruegel had developed in a drawing used for a 1557 engraving representing one of the deadly sins, here rage ( Ira in Latin), again represented by a giant woman, with the subtitle: « Rage swells the lips and sours the character. It troubles the mind and blackens the blood. »
Spaepen also picks up on (p. 131) a great find by Leen Huet. The historian discovered that during the Landjuweel of Antwerp in 1561, the chamber of rhetoric of Mechelen had mentioned a « Griete die den roof haelt voor den helle » (a girl who goes to plunder hell), a figure perhaps taken from a play that is now lost.
Huet also mentions (p. 35) the Flemish proverb that says of an old harpy that she « could go and plunder hell and come back safe and sound. » At the same time, Huet notes (p. 48), the author Sartorius , in a collection of adages inspired by Erasmus, states a saying similar in spirit to the Dulle Griet sign:
« One woman alone makes a racket, two women cause much trouble, three women gather only to trade for an annual market, four women lead to strife, five women form an army, and against six women, Satan himself has no weapon to fight them. »
In reality, the status of urban women from the 15th century onwards in Flanders, with the beguinages, and especially in Brabant in the 16th century, was one of the most advanced in Europe1, probably explaining in part the concerns of some members of the male gender in the face of the growing power of women.
Granvelle

But Spaepen, a good observer, exonerates Bruegel from this kind of masculinist reaction by bringing back the reality of narrative A, the current political situation.
The painter, Spaepen believes, is denouncing here Cardinal Granvelle , zealous advisor to the regent Margaret of Parma, a woman torn between the general interest and submission to the tyranny of the Catholic Church, whose dogmas were instrumentalized by Madrid to plunder the country in order to repay the colossal debt of Charles V and Philip II to the Fugger bankers.
Personally, I thought for a moment that Bruegel had invented for the occasion an 8th deadly sin, « incitement to war » (Oorlogstokerij), but I am probably too much in the present.
In August 1561, disregarding Granvelle’s advice, Margaret had authorized the Guild of Saint Luke and the Violieren to organize the Antwerp Landjuweel to promote peace and mutual understanding. But immediately afterward, she yielded to pressure from Madrid by forbidding the publication of the proceedings of the Chambers of Rhetoric, which were accused of having united the entire country against the Emperor.

In 1563, the year Bruegel painted his Dulle Griet, the Council of Trent decided to curb polyphonic art by restoring the primacy of the sung text in music and prohibiting any ambiguity in a painting, linked to a role of propaganda, exactly as Granvelle wished.
In the painting « Mad Meg, » the strange creature in the center, draped in a red cloak, could very well be Cardinal Granvelle himself.
As Spaepen reminds us, Granvelle had just established a vast network of informants to hunt down heretics « even in the toilets. »
This targeted all those—Lutherans, Calvinists, Erasmians, or Anabaptists—who challenged the predatory grip of the regime. And yet, the money « shat out » by Granvelle is being recovered by women ready to plunder hell! Bruegel, not exactly kind to Mad Meg (Marguerite of Parma), could therefore be expressing his horror at this regent who has lost her mind, and especially at the idea that Flemish women, who had become so free and educated, could end up as informers for a totalitarian regime!
Familia Caritatis

Spaepen (p. 194) documents the strong influence exerted on Bruegel (who was not necessarily a member of the group) by the Familia Caritatis (Family of Charity), a philosophical and religious movement founded and led by Hendrik Niclaes (1502-1570), a prophetic and charismatic figure advocating peace and tolerance about whom little is known but who undoubtedly appeared to many, without reaching his wisdom and erudition, as a kind of successor to Erasmus.
Many humanists and a number of Bruegel’s acquaintances were in contact with this movement which, passing through England, would dissolve into the Quaker revolt against the Anglican Church.2
Plantin, considered the official printer of the Spanish regime, had the Familia Caritatis booklets (deemed heretical by the regime) printed (at night), with initial financial assistance for his printing press from Niclaes, himself a merchant. Niclaes’s major work, Terra Pacis, denounces the « Blind leading the Blind, » a theme also found in the work of Quinten Matsys‘s son (who fled the persecution), and later in Bruegel.
Niclaes draws upon Socrates and the philosophy of the Brethren of the Common Life , for whom selfless love (agape or caritas) should be the driving force of humankind. Another conviction he holds is that life is « a pilgrimage of the soul. »
As in the landscapes of Joachim Patinir, Homo Viator must constantly detach himself from earthly matters and move on. Through his free he must seek union with God by resisting earthly temptations. Inner peace—with oneself, with one’s conscience, and with the divine will—is the foundation of peace on Earth, an ideal that also clearly inspired the painter.
This is the true story, that of a great political commentator and resistance fighter of his time, a painter intellectually and spiritually committed to peace.
NOTES:
- See on this subject Myriam Greilsammer, L’envers du tableau : Mariage et maternité en Flandre médiévale , Armand Colin, 1990, as well as this author’s article on the Landjuweel. ↩︎
- These included the printers Christoffel Plantin and John Gailliart; the humanists Abraham Ortelius, Justus Lipsius, Andreas Masius, Goropius Becanus, and Benito Arias Montano; the poets Peeter Heyns, Jan van der Noot, Lucas d’Heere, Filips Galle, and Joris Hoefnagel; the theologian Hubert Duifhuis; the writer Dirck Volkertsz; Coornhert (right-hand man of William the Silent); the « familists » Daniel van Bombergen, Emanuel van Meteren, and Johan Radermacher; and the Antwerp merchants Marcus Perez and Ferdinando Ximines. ↩︎
AUDIO: Bruegel’s Fall of Empire (Icarus)

TO LISTEN TO THIS AUDIO, CLICK HERE TO OPEN WEBPAGE
Further information on Bruegel:
- Portement de croix: redécouvrir Bruegel grâce au livre de Michael Gibson (FR en ligne) + EN pdf (Fidelio).
- ENTRETIEN Michael Gibson: Pour Bruegel, le monde est vaste (FR en ligne) + EN pdf (Fidelio)
- Pierre Bruegel l’ancien, Pétrarque et le Triomphe de la Mort (FR en ligne) + EN online.
- A propos du film « Bruegel, le moulin et la croix » (FR en ligne).
- L’ange Bruegel et la chute du cardinal Granvelle (FR en ligne).
- AUDIO: Bruegel’s « Dulle Griet » (Mad Meg): we see her madness, but do we see ours? (EN)
- AUDIO: Bruegel’s Theodicy: The Fall of the Rebel Angels. (EN)
- AUDIO: Bruegel’s Fall of Empire (Icarus) (EN)
- AUDIO: What Bruegel’s snow landscape teaches us about human fragility (EN)
AUDIO: Goya asks us to make sure Truth raises again



AUDIO: What Bruegel’s snow landscape teaches us about human fragility

OPEN WEBPAGE TO LISTEN TO AUDIO: CLICK HERE

Further information on Bruegel:
- Portement de croix: redécouvrir Bruegel grâce au livre de Michael Gibson (FR en ligne) + EN pdf (Fidelio).
- ENTRETIEN Michael Gibson: Pour Bruegel, le monde est vaste (FR en ligne) + EN pdf (Fidelio)
- Pierre Bruegel l’ancien, Pétrarque et le Triomphe de la Mort (FR en ligne) + EN online.
- A propos du film « Bruegel, le moulin et la croix » (FR en ligne).
- L’ange Bruegel et la chute du cardinal Granvelle (FR en ligne).
- AUDIO: Bruegel’s « Dulle Griet » (Mad Meg): we see her madness, but do we see ours? (EN)
- AUDIO: Bruegel’s Theodicy: The Fall of the Rebel Angels. (EN)
- AUDIO: Bruegel’s Fall of Empire (Icarus) (EN)
- AUDIO: What Bruegel’s snow landscape teaches us about human fragility (EN)
AUDIO: Goya’s portrait of Bayeu

For a complete and detailed study of Goya’s life and work, see my article online in EN, FR and ES.
















