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Cyrus le Grand, l’Iran et le dialogue des civilisations

Par Karel Vereycken
En réponse au tweet publié début avril par Pete Hegseth, le secrétaire américain à la guerre, menaçant de renvoyer l’Iran « à l’âge de pierre », l’ambassade iranienne d’Afrique du Sud a répondu par ce petit commentaire très ferme mais riche en solutions diplomatiques potentielles :
« Quand vous étiez encore dans des grottes à la recherche du feu, nous inscrivions les droits de l’homme sur le cylindre de Cyrus. Nous avons enduré la tempête d’Alexandre le Grand et l’invasion des Mongols et nous avons perduré ; car l’Iran n’est pas seulement un pays, c’est une civilisation. »

Décryptons
Cyrus II (le Grand) est le fondateur de l’Empire perse achéménide, en 552 av. J.-C.
C’est sa prise de Babylone, en 539 av. J.-C., qui inaugure l’ère impériale de la Perse. En mettant fin à l’empire babylonien, jusque-là maître de l’Asie occidentale, Cyrus fonde un empire s’étendant de l’Inde à l’Est à Carthage à l’Ouest, et du Caucase et du Danube au Nord à l’Ethiopie au Sud.
Avec 5,5 millions de km2 de territoire, l’empire perse comptait environ 50 millions d’habitants, soit 40 % de la population mondiale.

L’empire perse est le premier en date des empires indo-européens. Avec ses 20 gouverneurs (satrapes) de provinces, son mode d’organisation décentralisé a parfois servi de modèle aux empires grec et romain, et évidemment à ceux des Anglo-Saxons, des Français, des Espagnols, etc.
L’acte fondateur de l’empire perse est la publication du célèbre « édit » du roi Cyrus, dont un exemplaire gravé en caractères cunéiformes sur un cylindre en terre cuite a été retrouvé à Babylone en 1879. Il est conservé au British Museum de Londres.

Cet édit est d’une valeur incomparable, puisqu’il constitue la première déclaration des droits de l’homme dans l’histoire de l’humanité. Par cet édit, Cyrus le Grand abolit le travail forcé et proclame solennellement l’égalité des droits pour tous les membres de l’empire, ainsi que la liberté de culte et de croyances pour tous les individus.
Que l’ambassade iranienne ait répondu de la sorte est donc très intéressant. Bien sûr, l’honneur de la grande civilisation iranienne se rit de l’ignorance crasse de l’administration Trump. Mais en même temps, en évoquant le cylindre de Cyrus, l’Iran, s’inspirant d’une conception supérieure, tend une perche pour une solution négociée et, implicitement, pour la possibilité d’un avenir de nouveau partagé.
Voyons pourquoi
- Bien que les archéologues et les historiens spécialistes du Proche-Orient rejettent généralement ces interprétations comme anachroniques, le cylindre fut adopté comme symbole par le shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, qui l’a présenté comme la « première charte des droits de l’homme », puis exposé à Téhéran en 1971 pour célébrer le 2500e anniversaire de l’Empire iranien.
- La même année, l’ONU l’a traduit dans toutes ses langues officielles et en a fait un précurseur de la Déclaration des droits de l’homme. Son retour à l’Iran en 2010 est considéré comme un grand événement commémoré dans la république islamique d’Iran, dont le président de l’époque, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, en fait une source d’inspiration guidant le combat pour les opprimés. Trois ans plus tard, c’est cette fois-ci aux États-Unis que le cylindre est présenté et loué comme un symbole de liberté. Plus récemment, le 6 novembre 2025, la 43e Conférence générale de l’UNESCO a officiellement reconnu, à l’unanimité de ses États membres, le Cylindre de Cyrus (toujours considéré comme la première déclaration des droits de l’homme au monde) comme symbole mondial de liberté, de justice et de respect de la diversité culturelle.
- Les relations entre Iraniens et Juifs remontent à l’Antiquité. L’un des épisodes les plus glorifiés par l’identité iranienne est la libération des Juifs de Babylone par… Cyrus II le Grand, geste consigné et gravé sur le fameux cylindre et preuve d’ouverture et de tolérance. La Bible donne d’ailleurs une interprétation très favorable du règne de Cyrus, que le livre d’Esdras présente comme celui qui a permis le « retour à Sion » du peuple juif, après sa captivité à Babylone.
La communauté juive en Iran est estimée aujourd’hui entre 8000 et 12 000 personnes, ce qui en fait la plus importante du Moyen-Orient après Israël, bien qu’en forte baisse depuis 1979 (environ 100 000 avant la révolution). Début avril, se laissant guidé par l’IA sans vérification humaine, Israël a bombardé la synagogue de Téhéran. L’armée israélienne a exprimé ses « regrets » pour les dégâts causés par cette frappe nocturne ayant visé selon elle « un haut commandant militaire » iranien.
Dialogue des civilisations

Évoquer le cylindre de Cyrus revient donc à tendre une perche : la perspective d’un dialogue inter-culturel, inter-religieux et inter-civilisationnel, posant les bases d’une solution pacifique à de nombreux conflits autrement insolubles, autant à l’intérieur du pays (avec les partisans d’un retour de la dynastie Pahlavi) qu’à l’extérieur (avec Israël, les chrétiens et l’Occident en général).
Depuis des millénaires au carrefour des Routes de la soie, l’ADN de la civilisation iranienne n’est pas le terrorisme et la déstabilisation, mais bien un combat pour la justice, le respect et l’ouverture aux autres.
Un an après les célébrations iraniennes du Cylindre de Cyrus, en 1971, le professeur autrichien Hans Köchler, président de l’International Progress Organization (IPO), fidèle ami et collaborateur de l’Institut Schiller et de sa fondatrice Helga Zepp-LaRouche, a pris sa plume pour proposer à l’UNESCO d’organiser
« un congrès international au sujet des problèmes résultant du dialogue entre les différentes civilisations. »
Durant des années, Hans Köchler, par d’innombrables présentations, conférences et colloques dans le monde entier, notamment en Iran, fera un travail exceptionnel pour populariser le concept, avant d’être repris et soutenu par l’Institut Schiller. Sous les auspices de la présidence autrichienne et sénégalaise, un grand colloque a eu lieu en 1974 à Innsbruck, en Autriche.
En 1997, en opposition à la théorie du « choc des civilisations », la thèse du géopoliticien Bernard Lewis vulgarisée par Samuel P. Huntington, le président iranien Mohammad Khatami placera le dialogue entre les civilisations au cœur de son mandat. C’est sur sa suggestion que l’ONU, en 1998, déclara l’année 2001 comme « l’année du Dialogue entre civilisations ».
Le concept revient aujourd’hui sur la table. Saurons-nous nous mettre au diapason de l’ADN iranien ou resterons-nous à « l’âge de pierre » moral ?
Cyrus the Great, Iran and the Dialogue of Civilizations

Responding to a tweet posted in early April by Pete Hegseth, the US « Secretary of War », threatening to send Iran « back to the Stone Age, » the Iranian embassy in South Africa replied with this short but firm comment, rich in potential diplomatic solutions:
“At a time when you where still in caves searching for fire, we were inscribing human rights on the Cyrus Cylinder. We endured the storm of Alexander the Great and the Mongol invasions and remained; because Iran is not just a country, it is a civilization.«
History
Cyrus II (the Great) was the founder of the Achaemenid Persian Empire in 552 BC. It was his capture of Babylon in 539 BC that inaugurated the imperial era of Persia. By ending the Babylonian empire, which had until then ruled Western Asia, Cyrus founded an empire stretching from India in the East to Carthage in the West, and from the Caucasus and the Danube in the North to Ethiopia in the South.

With 5.5 million km² of territory, the Persian Empire had approximately 50 million inhabitants, representing 40% of the world’s population. The Persian Empire is the earliest of the Indo-European empires.
With its 20 provincial governors (satraps), its decentralized mode of organization sometimes served as a model for the Greek and Roman empires, and obviously for those of the Anglo-Saxons, the French, the Spanish, etc.
The founding act of the Persian Empire was the publication of the famous « edict » of King Cyrus, a copy of which, engraved in cuneiform characters on a terracotta cylinder, was found in Babylon in 1879. It is kept in the British Museum in London.

This edict is of unparalleled value, as it constitutes the first declaration of human rights in human history. Through this edict, Cyrus the Great abolished forced labor and solemnly proclaimed equal rights for all members of the empire, as well as freedom of worship and belief for all individuals. The fact that the Iranian embassy responded in this way is therefore very interesting. Of course, the honor of Iran’s great civilization scoffs at the Trump administration’s blatant ignorance.
But at the same time, by invoking the Cyrus cylinder, Iran, drawing on a higher concept, extends an olive branch for a negotiated solution and, implicitly, for the possibility of a shared future once again.
Let’s see why
- Although archaeologists and historians specializing in the Near East generally reject these interpretations as anachronistic, the cylinder was adopted as a symbol by Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, who presented it as the « first charter of human rights, » and then exhibited in Tehran in 1971 to celebrate the 2500th anniversary of the Iranian Empire.
- That same year, the UN translated it into all its official languages and recognized it as a precursor to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Its return to Iran in 2010 was a major event commemorated in the Islamic Republic of Iran, where then-President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad cited it as a source of inspiration guiding the struggle for the oppressed. Three years later, the cylinder was presented and praised in the United States as a symbol of freedom. More recently, on November 6, 2025, the 43rd UNESCO General Conference unanimously recognized the Cyrus Cylinder (still considered the world’s first declaration of human rights) as a global symbol of freedom, justice, and respect for cultural diversity.
- Relations between Iranians and Jews date back to antiquity. One of the episodes most celebrated in Iranian identity is the liberation of the Jews from Babylon by Cyrus the Great, an act recorded and engraved on the famous cylinder seal, a testament to openness and tolerance. The Bible, moreover, offers a very favorable interpretation of Cyrus’s reign, which the Book of Ezra presents as the one that enabled the Jewish people’s « return to Zion » after their captivity in Babylon. The Jewish community in Iran is estimated today to number between 8,000 and 12,000 people, making it the largest in the Middle East after Israel, although its numbers have declined sharply since 1979 (around 100,000 before the revolution). In early April, guided by AI without human verification, Israel bombed the Tehran synagogue. The Israeli army expressed its « regret » for the damage caused by this nighttime strike, which it claimed targeted a « senior Iranian military commander. »
Dialogue of Civilizations
To evoke the Cyrus cylinder is therefore to extend, from a higher standpoint, an olive branch: the prospect of an intercultural, inter-religious and inter-civilizational dialogue, laying the foundations for a peaceful solution to many otherwise insoluble conflicts, both within the country (with the supporters of a return of the Pahlavi dynasty) and outside (with Israel, Christians and the West in general).
For millennia at the crossroads of the Silk Roads, the DNA of Iranian civilization has not been terrorism and destabilization, but rather a fight for justice, respect and openness to others.
One year after the Iranian celebrations of the Cyrus Cylinder, in 1971, the Austrian professor Hans Köchler, president of the International Progress Organization (IPO), a close friend and collaborator of the Schiller Institute and its founder Helga Zepp-LaRouche, took up his pen to propose to UNESCO the organization of
« an international congress on the subject of the problems arising from the dialogue between different civilizations. »
For years, Hans Köchler, through countless presentations, lectures, and symposia worldwide, particularly in Iran, did exceptional work to popularize the concept, before it was taken up and supported by the Schiller Institute.
Under the auspices of the Austrian and Senegalese presidencies, a major symposium was held in 1974 in Innsbruck, Austria. In 1997, in opposition to the « Clash of Civilizations » theory, the thesis of geopolitician Bernard Lewis popularized by Samuel P. Huntington, Iranian President Mohammad Khatami placed dialogue between civilizations at the heart of his mandate. It was at his suggestion that the UN, in 1998, declared 2001 the « Year of Dialogue Among Civilizations. »
The concept is back on the table today. Will we be able to adapt to the Iranian DNA or will we remain in the moral « Stone Age »?
AUDIO : Raphael’s cartoon for « The School of Athens » in Milan

AUDIO:
from the pdf file, click on this LINK
Audio recorded during my visit at the Pinacoteca Ambrosiana in Milan, on March 20, 2026. For my full, in depth analysis of Raphael and his « School of Athens », see my article.


The Shadow of Vernadsky in Leonardo’s Virgin and Child with Saint Anne

In march 1821, the English poet Percy Bysshe Shelley, concluded his poem « A defense of Poetry » with a visionary concept:
« Poets are the hierophants of an unapprehended inspiration; the mirrors of the gigantic shadows which futurity casts upon the present; the words which express what they understand not; the trumpets which sing to battle, and feel not what they inspire; the influence which is moved not, but moves. Poets are the unacknowledged legislators of the world. »
We examine here, from that standpoint, Leonardo da Vinci‘s masterwork The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne.
One never gets tired of looking at “The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne”, Leonardo’s superb masterpiece in the Louvre. Formally, the painting depicts Saint Anne, her daughter the Virgin Mary and the infant Jesus. Christ is shown embracing a sacrificial lamb symbolizing the mission he took on to liberate mankind from the original sin.
Remarkably, Leonardo didn’t make this painting for a Prince, not for a Duke, not for a Cardinal, nor for a Pope, but for himself, and as such, as a legacy for humanity.
Vincent Delieuvin, the French historian of the Louvre who cross-checked all the available documentation and hypothesis, arrives at the interesting but paradoxical conclusion that with this painting Leonardo wanted to give tribute to the return of the Florentine Republic:
« Since the Florentines rose up against Gautier de Brienne, Duke of Athens, on July 26, 1343, the feast day of Saint Anne, the city had devoted particular worship to the mother of the Virgin Mary, who was considered the protector of the Republic.
After the Medici were exiled in 1494, the honors bestowed upon the saint increased once again. Leonardo’s work fits perfectly into this context of the restoration of republican government, in which the artist participated with the execution of The Battle of Anghiari in 1503. »1
When the painting was finished is not known. In general, it is thought that Leonardo da Vinci (1454-1519) started working on it in 1503 when he lived in Florence at the age of 51. The French King Frances I, who bought the panel in 1518, didn’t steal the panel, just its author who brought it with him to France to finish it.
The viewer is immediately overwhelmed by a powerful and nearly disturbing sense of motion, supreme love and beauty. The scene itself, if it shows figures from the Holy scriptures (Anne, the Virgin Mary, Christ), rather than illustrating a given liturgical sequence, manifestly springs from a well of profound philosophical reflections.
I will try to convince you here there exists a “Long arch of History” of thinking and coherence between persons and minds that never met or spoke to each other, but whose intuitions and mindsets where congruent and oriented in the same directions. Leonardo’s masterpiece appears (in my view), as a sort of “missing link” between Nicolaus Cusanus’ vision of God and nature and Vladimir Vernadsky’s concept of the Noosphere, eventually via Alexander von Humboldt’s idea of the “Cosmos”. That might look wild and even silly at first glance, but please allow me to elaborate.
A Single Harmonic One
What unites the four towering intellectuals named Cusanus, Leonardo, Alexander von Humboldt and Vernadsky? All four were convinced that the universe is a single harmonic one.

The German cardinal Nicolas of Cusa (1401-1464), a thinker and major figure in the great ecumenical councils and the Italian and European Renaissance, begins his treatise On Learned Ignorance (1440) with a symbol. God is the “absolute maximum” and perfect unity (unio); in this unity, all distances, all divisions, all contradictions are transformed and merge into union. The universe is the contracted image of this absolute maximum and this absolute unity; it is not the absolute maximum, but, as in a mirror, the “contracted” maximum, for it does not comprise all things, but only all things outside of God, all created things. The thinker uses the terms complicatio (envelopment) and explicatio (unfolding) to explain that all things are enveloped in God (the source) and unfolded in the world. The world, the cosmos, and geological time are the unfolding of God’s unity.

Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519), following in the footsteps of Cues, emphatically stated: “Understand that everything is connected to everything else.” For him, progress meant unifying different fields such as art, anatomy, and engineering into a comprehensive and coherent understanding. The artist-engineer invited his contemporaries to learn to perceive the links that unite nature, art, science, and the human soul. Observation allowed Leonardo to discover invisible causes rather than visible effects, and to imagine and test creative hypotheses. In particular, he postulated that the human body could be a miniature version (microcosm) of the Earth (macrocosm), observing that the branching of blood vessels in humans mirrors the tributaries of rivers, just as the movements of the body mimic the tides. In his view, the Earth is a living organism with “flesh” (the soil), ‘bones’ (rock strata), and “blood” (water veins). He studied the flight of birds and the movement of water, convinced that both obeyed the same fluid physics. Art is science, and science is art; both are tools for understanding the fundamental laws of the world. For Leonardo da Vinci, painters must possess the entire cosmos in their minds and hands in order to truly reflect the beauty, harmony, and complexity of nature. For the artist, movement is the very essence of a living, expanding universe. He studied the spiral patterns found in everything from flowers to curls of hair to whirlpools in water in order to understand how the life force generates different forms. Finally, he considered stagnation to be a form of decline, writing that “iron rusts from lack of use” and “inaction saps the vigor of the mind.”

The German naturalist and revolutionary Alexander von Humboldt (1769-1859) also sought to understand how various natural phenomena, despite their apparent independence, form a harmonious and unified system. He refers to an “earth system” in which climate, flora, fauna, and human life are interdependent. Humboldt believed in studying the “intrinsic link” between the general and the particular, which allowed him to perceive the interconnectedness of different regions and climates. In his ultimate multi-volume work, Cosmos (1845-1858), he described nature as a “breath of life” and an “organic whole,” and sought to describe the entire universe—physical and celestial—as a “magnificently ordered and harmonious system.” Like Cusanus and Leonardo da Vinci, he argued that a scientific understanding of natural processes increases our appreciation of their beauty.

Ukrainian-Russian geophysicist Vladimir Vernadsky (1863–1945) viewed life as eternal and inseparable from the cosmos, not just from Earth. He proposed that living matter was a “cosmic phenomenon” that had appeared elsewhere or had always existed, shaping the chemical environment of planets. He defined the “Biosphere” as a “life-saturated envelope” around the Earth, where living organisms and inert matter interact constantly, inseparably, and dynamically. Vernadsky described the transition from the biosphere to the “Noosphere” as the next stage of evolution, where rational human activity, science, and technology become the main geological force shaping the planet. He was convinced that the future of humanity depended on recognizing this unity, suggesting that human thought was a natural extension of geological and cosmic processes.
What do we see?
It is with this “Long arch of History” in mind, that the viewer can discover the “Shadow of Vernadsky » in Leonardo’s Saint Anne. Because, what does the viewer see?

- The background of the painting features sharp, prehistoric-looking crags inspired by Leonardo’s studies of the Dolomites and the Alps. This barren, rocky terrain, nearly lunar, has been described by historians as “fantastical” or “metaphysical”. As we know from his notebooks, Leonardo was interested in painting “invisible” movements, not only those of the souls, but also universal phenomena such as “time”, especially “geological” time. How did mountains arise, etc.? Others, correctly argue that the « dead » or lunar landscape of the background, what Vernadsky would call the “Lithosphere” serves to highlight the other elements of the composition.
- On the right, one could see the tree (the “biosphere”) as representing a step in an evolutionary process of the development of the cosmos.
- Beneath the tree, the lamb (in religious terms a symbol of Christ’s sacrifice to free mankind) also represents a higher form of conscience of that same “biosphere”
- Then appears Jesus, who, represented in his human incarnation, that of a child, represents only a sort of naive conscience, merely the potential for his further development.
- The Virgin Mary, is represented in a paradoxical position which is a perfect example of what the late Lyndon LaRouche identified as “mid-motion-change”, meaning an ambiguous instant of indecision between two or more contrary movements. Her majestic, loving and protecting gesture and embrace of Jesus coincides with her vivid desire to induce the boy all the freedom of movement he needs to fulfill his sacred mission.
- Saint Anne, on top, as a sort of self-conscious form of agapic love, looks down and smiles seeing the majestic gesture and love for Christ of her daughter Mary. She is happy to be the self-conscious “noospheric” soul of a divine and living Cosmos, where the creator permanently creates ever higher forms of creation and of consciousness of its own creative nature. The rings of lunar mountain chains resemble and resonate visually with the harmonic rings formed by arms and clothes in a cascade of aesthetic spiral action.
Even authors polluted by nasty modernist and Freudian misinterpretations such as Viviane Forrester2 who wrongly pretend we are mislead by an overwhelming sentiment of mildness of Mary, nevertheless acknowledge intuitively there is something very special in this work, a sort of unity Forrester brands, not finding a better name, “organic”. When we discover these figures, she writes:
“one clearly sees they are living organisms in the midst of a landscape, a living organism. Organic inside Organic.” (p. 12)
That organic moment, she observes, appears here to the viewer as a “frozen moment” of a “transitory movement”.
Their “next respiration, the one that will follow, seems more important, vital, more suspended than any intrigue, any narrative. And their [the figures] tangible presence, fragile, matches that of the mountains, who respire as well.” (p. 13)
The making of a genius
By over-emphasizing that Leonardo was a “self-taught” genius, research on the intellectual influences he underwent was somehow neglected.
The first chance he had, was to be an apprentice of Andrea del Verrocchio (1435-1488), whose Florence workshop was modeled on that of his tutor, the Florentine erudite sculptor Lorenzo Ghiberti (1378-1455) where pupils studied astronomy, poetry, architecture, sculpture, painting, bronze-casting, metal-works, chemistry, anatomy and read the Classics.

Then, in Milan, as a court painter, Leonardo was “adopted” by the young Cecilia Gallerani (1473 – 1536), the favorite (but not the last) mistress of the Duke Ludovico Sforza, known as Lodovico Il Moro, Duke of Milan.
She was born into a large family from Siena. Her father’s name was Fazio Gallerani. He was not a member of the nobility, but he occupied several important posts at the Milanese court, including the position of ambassador to the Republic of Florence and Republic of Lucca. Cecilia was educated alongside her six brothers in Latin and literature.
She is best known as the subject of Leonardo da Vinci’s painting Lady with an Ermine (c. 1489), already a painting where movement prevails over static representation. It is said that while posing for the painting, she invited Leonardo to be part of the literary circle she hosted at her residence in the Palazzo Carmagnola, where she engaged in intellectual debates with philosophers, poets, and musicians. Gallerani herself presided over these discussions.

Composing music, poetry and delivering orations in both Latin and Italian at the age of 16, renowned for her wit and scholarship, she was considered one of the most cultured women of the Italian Renaissance.
While nearly all of her works were lost, she is remembered as a “great light of the Italian language” due to her mastery of literature and verse. The court poet Bernardo Bellincioni (1452-1492) highly praised her literary talents, even comparing her to the famous Ancient Greek poetess Sappho which allegedly inspired Plato.
The Court of Milan and its patrons also attracted and protected other artists and scientists, among which the architect Donato Bramante, the mathematician and friend of Leonardo, Luca Pacioli, the duchess Beatrice d’Este, the poet Bernardo Bellincioni and the humanist educator Francesco Filelfo.

Did Cecilia Gallerani introduce Leonardo to the ideas of Cusanus? We don’t know, but she certainly had both the knowledge and ability to do so.
Leonardo’s Codex Trivulzianus (1487-1490), shows he was working hard to improve his modest literary education, through long lists of learned words, including Latin words, copied from authoritative lexical and grammatical sources.
The scientist reportedly saw this as a precondition that was going to allow him to describe with scientific precision the phenomena he was going to discover in the future.
About twenty years after Leonardo da Vinci’s death, the goldsmith and sculptor Benvenuto Cellini (1500–1571) is said to have remarked:
“I would not want to fail to repeat the words I heard the king say about him. The king said that he did not believe there had ever been a man who knew as much as Leonardo, not only in sculpture, painting, and architecture, but also in philosophy, in which he excelled.”
As one scholar concludes:
Leonardo’s “epistemological unity allows one to be elevated to a higher perspective. It not only increases our propensity for genuine empathy and understanding (much needed in today’s pluralistic society), but also for a kind of social and intellectual freedom. It is a method of acquiring a more holistic understanding of the human condition; or in short, of getting a real education.”
The world needs new Cecilia Gallerani’s and new Leonardo da Vinci’s. Are you ready to go there?
NOTES:
- Vincent Delievin, La Vierge, l’Enfant Jésus et sainte Anne, dit La Sainte Anne, website of the Louvre; ↩︎
- Au Louvre avec Viviane Forrester, La Vierge et l’Enfant avec sainte Anne, Léonard de Vinci, dossier établi par Cécile Scailliérez, Service Culturel du Louvre, Symogy, Editions d’Art, Paris, 2000. ↩︎











